Nau'inna'urar gano hototsari
Mai gano hotona'ura ce da ke canza siginar gani zuwa siginar lantarki, tsarinta da nau'ikanta, galibi ana iya raba ta zuwa waɗannan rukunoni:
(1) Na'urar gano hasken rana (photodector)
Idan aka fallasa na'urorin daukar hoto ga haske, mai ɗaukar hoto yana ƙara ƙarfin watsawa kuma yana rage juriyarsu. Masu ɗaukar hoto da ke motsawa a zafin ɗaki suna motsawa ta hanyar da ta dace a ƙarƙashin aikin filin lantarki, don haka suna samar da wutar lantarki. A ƙarƙashin yanayin haske, electrons suna motsawa kuma sauyawa yana faruwa. A lokaci guda, suna yawo a ƙarƙashin aikin filin lantarki don samar da wutar lantarki. Masu ɗaukar hoto da aka samar da su suna ƙara ƙarfin watsawa na na'urar don haka suna rage juriya. Masu gano hoto yawanci suna nuna babban riba da babban amsawa a cikin aiki, amma ba za su iya amsawa ga siginar gani mai yawan mita ba, don haka saurin amsawa yana da jinkiri, wanda ke iyakance amfani da na'urorin daukar hoto a wasu fannoni.
(2)Mai gano hoto na PN
Ana samar da na'urar gano PN ta hanyar hulɗar da ke tsakanin kayan semiconductor na nau'in P da kayan semiconductor na nau'in N. Kafin a samar da hulɗar, kayan biyu suna cikin yanayi daban. Matsayin Fermi a cikin semiconductor na nau'in P yana kusa da gefen band ɗin valence, yayin da matakin Fermi a cikin semiconductor na nau'in N yana kusa da gefen band ɗin conduction. A lokaci guda, matakin Fermi na kayan N a gefen band ɗin conduction yana ci gaba da juyawa ƙasa har sai matakin Fermi na kayan biyu ya kasance a wuri ɗaya. Canjin matsayin band ɗin conduction da band ɗin valence shima yana tare da lanƙwasa band ɗin. Mahadar PN tana cikin daidaito kuma tana da matakin Fermi iri ɗaya. Daga ɓangaren nazarin mai ɗaukar caji, yawancin masu ɗaukar caji a cikin kayan P-type ramuka ne, yayin da yawancin masu ɗaukar caji a cikin kayan N-type electrons ne. Idan kayan biyu suka haɗu, saboda bambancin yawan masu ɗaukar kaya, electrons ɗin da ke cikin kayan N-type za su bazu zuwa nau'in P, yayin da electrons ɗin da ke cikin kayan N-type za su bazu a akasin haka zuwa ramukan. Yankin da ba a biya ba wanda yaduwar electrons da ramuka suka bari zai samar da filin lantarki da aka gina a ciki, kuma filin lantarki da aka gina a ciki zai bazu zuwa ga masu ɗaukar kaya, kuma alkiblar driving tana akasin alkiblar driving, wanda ke nufin cewa samuwar filin lantarki da aka gina a ciki yana hana yaɗuwar masu ɗaukar kaya, kuma akwai yaɗuwa da driving a cikin mahaɗin PN har sai nau'ikan motsi guda biyu sun daidaita, don haka kwararar mai ɗaukar kaya ba ta canzawa ba. Daidaiton motsi na ciki.
Idan aka fallasa mahadar PN ga hasken haske, makamashin photon zai koma ga mai ɗaukar hoto, kuma mai ɗaukar hoto, wato, haɗin ramin electron da aka samar ta hanyar photogenerated, zai samar. A ƙarƙashin aikin filin lantarki, electron da ramin za su koma yankin N da yankin P bi da bi, kuma karkatar da alkiblar mai ɗaukar hoto ta hanyar photogeneration yana samar da hasken photocurrent. Wannan shine babban ƙa'idar mai gano hoton PN.
(3)na'urar gano hoto ta PIN
Pin photodiode abu ne mai nau'in P da nau'in N tsakanin layin I, layin I na kayan gabaɗaya abu ne na ciki ko mara amfani da sinadarai. Tsarin aikinsa yana kama da mahadar PN, lokacin da aka fallasa mahadar PIN ga hasken haske, photon yana canja wurin makamashi zuwa ga electron, yana samar da masu ɗaukar caji na hoto, kuma filin lantarki na ciki ko filin lantarki na waje zai raba nau'ikan ramukan electron da aka samar a cikin layin raguwa, kuma masu ɗaukar caji da suka shuɗe za su samar da wutar lantarki a cikin da'irar waje. Matsayin da Layer I ke takawa shine faɗaɗa faɗin layin raguwa, kuma Layer I zai zama layin raguwa gaba ɗaya a ƙarƙashin babban ƙarfin bias, kuma nau'ikan ramukan electron da aka samar za a raba su da sauri, don haka saurin amsawar photodetector na mahaɗin PIN gabaɗaya ya fi sauri fiye da na na'urar gano mahaɗin PN. Ana kuma tattara masu ɗaukar kaya a wajen layin I ta hanyar layin raguwa ta hanyar motsi na yaduwa, suna samar da wutar lantarki. Kauri na layin I gabaɗaya siriri ne, kuma manufarsa ita ce inganta saurin amsawar na'urar gano abubuwa.
(4)na'urar gano hoto ta APDphotodiode na zaftarewar dusar ƙanƙara
Tsarinphotodiode na zaftarewar dusar ƙanƙarayana kama da na mahadar PN. Mai gano hoto na APD yana amfani da mahadar PN mai yawan doped, ƙarfin aiki bisa ga gano APD yana da girma, kuma lokacin da aka ƙara babban juyi na baya, haɗuwar ionization da ninkawar zazzaɓi za su faru a cikin APD, kuma aikin mai gano yana ƙaruwa da hasken rana. Lokacin da APD yake cikin yanayin juyi na baya, filin lantarki a cikin layin raguwar zai yi ƙarfi sosai, kuma masu ɗaukar hoto da haske ya samar za su rabu da sauri kuma su yi yawo cikin sauri a ƙarƙashin aikin filin lantarki. Akwai yuwuwar cewa electrons za su yi karo da raga yayin wannan tsari, wanda ke haifar da electrons a cikin raga su zama ionized. Ana maimaita wannan tsari, kuma ions masu ionized a cikin raga suma suna karo da raga, wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar adadin masu ɗaukar caji a cikin APD, wanda ke haifar da babban juyi. Wannan tsari ne na musamman na zahiri a cikin APD wanda masu gano tushen APD gabaɗaya suna da halaye na saurin amsawa da sauri, babban ƙimar halin yanzu da babban ji. Idan aka kwatanta da mahadar PN da mahadar PIN, APD tana da saurin amsawa da sauri, wanda shine saurin amsawa mafi sauri tsakanin bututun da ke da saurin amsawa da haske a yanzu.
(5) Mai gano hoton Schottky mahadar
Tsarin asali na na'urar gano haske ta Schottky shine diode na Schottky, wanda halayen wutar lantarki suka yi kama da na mahaɗin PN da aka bayyana a sama, kuma yana da ikon watsawa da juyawar hanya ɗaya tare da kyakkyawan watsawa da yankewa baya. Lokacin da ƙarfe mai aiki mai girma da kuma semiconductor mai ƙarancin aikin haɗawa, an samar da shingen Schottky, kuma mahaɗin da ya haifar shine mahaɗin Schottky. Babban tsarin yana kama da mahaɗin PN, yana ɗaukar semiconductor na nau'in N a matsayin misali, lokacin da abubuwa biyu suka haɗu, saboda yawan electrons daban-daban na kayan biyu, electrons a cikin semiconductor za su yaɗu zuwa gefen ƙarfe. Elektrons ɗin da aka watsa suna taruwa akai-akai a ƙarshen ƙarfe, don haka suna lalata ainihin tsaka tsaki na wutar lantarki na ƙarfe, suna samar da filin lantarki da aka gina a ciki daga semiconductor zuwa ƙarfe a saman hulɗa, kuma electrons za su yaɗu ƙarƙashin aikin filin lantarki na ciki, kuma za a gudanar da yaɗuwar da motsi na mai ɗaukar kaya a lokaci guda, bayan wani lokaci don isa daidaiton motsi, kuma a ƙarshe su samar da mahaɗin Schottky. A ƙarƙashin yanayin haske, yankin shinge yana shan haske kai tsaye kuma yana samar da nau'ikan ramukan electron, yayin da masu ɗaukar hoto da aka samar a cikin mahadar PN suna buƙatar wucewa ta yankin yaɗuwa don isa yankin mahadar. Idan aka kwatanta da mahadar PN, na'urar gano hoto da aka gina akan mahadar Schottky tana da saurin amsawa da sauri, kuma saurin amsawar ma na iya kaiwa matakin ns.
Lokacin Saƙo: Agusta-13-2024