Microwave optoelectronics, kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, shine mahadar microwave daoptoelectronicsMicrowaves da raƙuman haske raƙuman lantarki ne, kuma mitar suna da yawa a girma daban-daban, kuma abubuwan da aka haɓaka da fasahohin da aka haɓaka a fannoni daban-daban sun bambanta sosai. A hade, za mu iya cin gajiyar juna, amma za mu iya samun sabbin aikace-aikace da halaye waɗanda ke da wahalar cimmawa bi da bi.
Sadarwa ta ganibabban misali ne na haɗakar microwaves da photoelectrons. Sadarwar waya da telegraph ta farko, samarwa, yaɗuwa da karɓar sigina, duk na'urorin microwave da aka yi amfani da su. Ana amfani da raƙuman lantarki masu ƙarancin mitar mita da farko saboda kewayon mitar ƙarami ne kuma ƙarfin tashar watsawa ƙarami ne. Mafita ita ce ƙara yawan siginar da aka watsa, mafi girman mitar, ƙarin albarkatun bakan. Amma siginar mitar mai yawa a cikin asarar yaɗuwar iska tana da girma, amma kuma tana da sauƙin toshewa ta hanyar cikas. Idan aka yi amfani da kebul, asarar kebul ɗin tana da girma, kuma watsawa mai nisa matsala ce. Bayyanar sadarwa ta fiber optic mafita ce mai kyau ga waɗannan matsalolin.Zaren ganiyana da ƙarancin asarar watsawa kuma kyakkyawan jigilar kaya ne don watsa sigina a cikin nisa mai nisa. Matsakaicin mitar raƙuman haske ya fi na microwaves girma kuma yana iya watsa tashoshi daban-daban a lokaci guda. Saboda waɗannan fa'idodinwatsawar gani, sadarwa ta fiber optic ta zama ginshiƙin watsa bayanai na yau.
Sadarwar gani tana da dogon tarihi, bincike da aikace-aikace suna da faɗi sosai kuma sun balaga, a nan ba ma faɗi ba. Wannan takarda galibi tana gabatar da sabbin abubuwan bincike na microwave optoelectronics a cikin 'yan shekarun nan banda sadarwa ta gani. Microwave optoelectronics galibi tana amfani da hanyoyi da fasahohi a fannin optoelectronics a matsayin mai ɗaukar kaya don ingantawa da cimma aiki da aikace-aikacen da ke da wahalar cimmawa tare da kayan lantarki na microwave na gargajiya. Daga mahangar aikace-aikacen, ya ƙunshi fannoni uku masu zuwa.
Na farko shine amfani da optoelectronics don samar da siginar microwave mai aiki mai kyau, mai ƙarancin hayaniya, daga X-band har zuwa THZ band.
Na biyu, sarrafa siginar microwave. Ya haɗa da jinkiri, tacewa, canza mita, karɓa da sauransu.
Na uku, watsa siginar analog.
A cikin wannan labarin, marubucin ya gabatar da kashi na farko ne kawai, wato samar da siginar microwave. Wave na millimeter na microwave na gargajiya galibi ana samar da shi ne ta hanyar abubuwan microelectronic iii_V. Iyakokinsa suna da waɗannan abubuwan: Na farko, ga manyan mitoci kamar 100GHz a sama, microelectronics na gargajiya na iya samar da ƙarancin ƙarfi, ga mafi girman siginar THZ da inganta daidaiton mita, na'urar asali tana buƙatar sanya ta a cikin yanayin zafi mai ƙarancin zafi. Na uku, yana da wuya a cimma nau'ikan sauyawar mitar daidaitawa. Don magance waɗannan matsalolin, fasahar optoelectronic na iya taka rawa. An bayyana manyan hanyoyin a ƙasa.
1. Ta hanyar bambancin mitar siginar laser guda biyu daban-daban, ana amfani da na'urar gano haske mai yawan mita don canza siginar microwave, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 1.
Hoto na 1. Tsarin zane na microwaves da aka samar ta hanyar bambancin mitar guda biyuna'urorin laser.
Fa'idodin wannan hanyar sune tsari mai sauƙi, yana iya samar da raƙuman millimita mai tsayi sosai har ma da siginar mita ta THZ, kuma ta hanyar daidaita mitar laser ɗin, zai iya aiwatar da babban kewayon juyawa mai sauri, mitar sharewa. Rashin kyawun shine cewa faɗin layi ko hayaniyar mataki na siginar mitar bambanci da siginar laser guda biyu marasa alaƙa suka samar yana da girma sosai, kuma daidaiton mitar ba shi da yawa, musamman idan ana amfani da laser semiconductor mai ƙaramin girma amma babban faɗin layi (~MHz). Idan buƙatun girman nauyin tsarin ba su da yawa, zaku iya amfani da lasers mai ƙarancin amo (~kHz) mai ƙarfi,na'urorin laser na fiber, ramin wajeLasers na semiconductor, da sauransu. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da hanyoyi biyu daban-daban na siginar laser da aka samar a cikin ramin laser ɗaya don samar da mitar bambanci, ta yadda aikin daidaiton mitar microwave ya inganta sosai.
2. Domin magance matsalar cewa lasers guda biyu a cikin hanyar da ta gabata ba su da daidaito kuma hayaniyar matakin sigina da aka samar ta yi yawa, ana iya samun daidaito tsakanin lasers guda biyu ta hanyar hanyar kulle lokacin allura ko kuma da'irar kulle lokaci mara kyau na amsawa. Hoto na 2 yana nuna aikace-aikacen kulle allura don samar da yawan microwave (Hoto na 2). Ta hanyar saka siginar wutar lantarki mai yawan mita kai tsaye a cikin laser semiconductor, ko ta amfani da mai daidaita lokaci na LinBO3, ana iya samar da siginar gani da yawa na mita daban-daban tare da tazara daidai gwargwado, ko kuma tsefewar mitar gani. Tabbas, hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita don samun tsefewar mitar gani mai faɗi ita ce amfani da laser mai kulle yanayin. Duk wani siginar tsefe guda biyu a cikin tsefewar mitar gani da aka samar ana zaɓar su ta hanyar tacewa kuma a allura su cikin laser 1 da 2 bi da bi don gane mitar da kulle lokaci bi da bi. Saboda matakin tsakanin siginar tsefe daban-daban na tsefewar mitar gani yana da daidaito, don haka matakin dangi tsakanin lasers guda biyu ya tabbata, sannan ta hanyar hanyar mitar bambanci kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, ana iya samun siginar microwave mai yawan mitar gani da yawa na yawan maimaita mitar gani.
Hoto na 2. Tsarin zane na siginar ninka mitar microwave da aka samar ta hanyar kulle mitar allura.
Wata hanyar rage hayaniyar matakin kusanci na lasers guda biyu ita ce amfani da PLL mai nuna ra'ayi mara kyau, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 3.
Hoto na 3. Tsarin zane na OPL.
Ka'idar PLL ta gani tana kama da ta PLL a fannin kayan lantarki. Bambancin mataki na lasers guda biyu ana canza shi zuwa siginar lantarki ta hanyar na'urar gano haske (daidai da na'urar gano haske), sannan bambancin mataki tsakanin lasers guda biyu ana samun su ta hanyar yin mitar bambanci tare da tushen siginar microwave na tunani, wanda aka ƙara shi kuma aka tace sannan aka mayar da shi zuwa sashin sarrafa mita na ɗaya daga cikin lasers ɗin (ga lasers na semiconductor, shine madaurin allura). Ta hanyar irin wannan madaurin sarrafa martani mara kyau, matakin mitar dangi tsakanin siginar laser guda biyu an kulle shi zuwa siginar microwave na tunani. Sannan ana iya watsa siginar gani ta haɗin kai ta hanyar zare na gani zuwa na'urar gano haske a wani wuri kuma a canza shi zuwa siginar microwave. Hayaniyar mataki da ta fito daga siginar microwave kusan iri ɗaya ce da ta siginar tunani a cikin bandwidth na madaurin amsawa mara kyau da aka kulle a lokaci. Hayaniyar mataki a wajen bandwidth daidai take da hayaniyar mataki na dangi na lasers guda biyu na asali marasa alaƙa.
Bugu da ƙari, ana iya canza tushen siginar microwave ta wasu hanyoyin sigina ta hanyar ninka mita, mitar rabawa, ko wasu hanyoyin sarrafa mita, ta yadda za a iya ninka siginar microwave mai ƙarancin mita sau biyu, ko kuma a canza ta zuwa siginar RF mai yawan mita, ta THZ.
Idan aka kwatanta da kulle mitar allura, za a iya samun sau biyu kawai, madaukai masu kulle lokaci-lokaci sun fi sassauƙa, suna iya samar da mitoci kusan ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma ba shakka sun fi rikitarwa. Misali, tsefe mitar gani da na'urar sarrafa hoto ta samar a Hoto na 2 ana amfani da shi azaman tushen haske, kuma ana amfani da madaukai masu kulle lokaci-lokaci na gani don zaɓar kulle mitar lasers guda biyu zuwa siginar tsefe ta gani guda biyu, sannan a samar da siginar mita-mita mai yawa ta hanyar mitar bambanci, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 4. f1 da f2 su ne mitoci na siginar tunani na PLLS guda biyu bi da bi, kuma ana iya samar da siginar microwave na N*frep+f1+f2 ta hanyar mitar bambanci tsakanin lasers guda biyu.
Hoto na 4. Tsarin zane na samar da mitoci marasa tsari ta amfani da tsefewar mitoci na gani da PLLS.
3. Yi amfani da laser mai kulle-kulle don canza siginar bugun gani zuwa siginar microwave ta hanyarna'urar gano hoto.
Babban fa'idar wannan hanyar ita ce ana iya samun sigina mai kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na mita da ƙarancin hayaniyar mataki. Ta hanyar kulle mitar laser ɗin zuwa ga wani tsayayyen tsari na atomic da molecular, ko kuma wani rami mai ƙarfi sosai, da kuma amfani da tsarin kawar da mita sau biyu da sauran fasahohi, za mu iya samun siginar bugun gani mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi tare da mita mai ƙarfi sosai, don samun siginar microwave tare da hayaniyar mataki mai ƙarancin hayaniyar mataki. Hoto na 5.
Hoto na 5. Kwatanta hayaniyar lokaci na tushen sigina daban-daban.
Duk da haka, saboda yawan maimaita bugun jini yana da daidaito da tsayin ramin laser, kuma laser ɗin da aka kulle a yanayin gargajiya yana da girma, yana da wuya a sami siginar microwave mai yawan mita kai tsaye. Bugu da ƙari, girman, nauyi da amfani da makamashi na lasers na gargajiya, da kuma buƙatun muhalli masu tsauri, suna iyakance aikace-aikacen dakin gwaje-gwajensu galibi. Don shawo kan waɗannan wahalhalu, bincike ya fara kwanan nan a Amurka da Jamus ta amfani da tasirin da ba na layi ba don samar da tsefe mai ƙarfi a cikin ƙananan ramuka na gani na yanayin chirp, waɗanda ke haifar da siginar microwave mai ƙarancin mita.
4. oscillator na lantarki na opto, Hoto na 6.
Hoto na 6. Zane-zanen tsarin oscillator mai haɗin hoto.
Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin gargajiya na samar da microwaves ko lasers shine amfani da madaidaicin madauki mai rufewa, matuƙar ribar da ke cikin madauki mai rufewa ta fi asarar girma, juyawar da ke cikin farin ciki na iya samar da microwaves ko lasers. Mafi girman ingancin Q na madauki mai rufewa, ƙaramin matakin siginar da aka samar ko hayaniyar mitar. Domin ƙara ingancin madauki, hanya kai tsaye ita ce ƙara tsawon madauki da rage asarar yaduwa. Duk da haka, madaidaicin madauki yawanci zai iya tallafawa samar da hanyoyi da yawa na juyawa, kuma idan an ƙara matattarar bandwidth mai kunkuntar, ana iya samun siginar juyawar microwave mai ƙarancin hayaniya sau ɗaya. Mai haɗa hoto na lantarki tushen siginar microwave ne bisa ga wannan ra'ayin, yana amfani da cikakkun halayen asarar yaɗuwar zare, ta amfani da dogon zare don inganta ƙimar Q na madauki, zai iya samar da siginar microwave tare da ƙarancin hayaniyar lokaci. Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da wannan hanyar a shekarun 1990, wannan nau'in oscillator ya sami bincike mai zurfi da ci gaba mai yawa, kuma a halin yanzu akwai oscillators masu haɗin hoto na kasuwanci. Kwanan nan, an ƙirƙiri oscillators masu haɗin hoto na lantarki waɗanda za a iya daidaita mitar su a kan kewayon mai faɗi. Babban matsalar tushen siginar microwave dangane da wannan tsarin shine cewa madauki yana da tsayi, kuma hayaniyar da ke cikin kwararar sa kyauta (FSR) da mitar sa biyu za ta ƙaru sosai. Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su na lantarki sun fi yawa, farashin yana da yawa, ƙarar tana da wahalar ragewa, kuma tsawon zaren ya fi saurin kamuwa da matsalolin muhalli.
Wannan a taƙaice ya gabatar da hanyoyi da dama na samar da siginar microwave ta hanyar photoelectron, da kuma fa'idodi da rashin amfanin su. A ƙarshe, amfani da photoelectrons don samar da microwave yana da wata fa'ida ita ce ana iya rarraba siginar ta hanyar fiber na gani tare da ƙarancin asara, watsawa mai nisa zuwa kowane tashar amfani sannan a canza shi zuwa siginar microwave, kuma ikon tsayayya da tsangwama ta lantarki ya inganta sosai fiye da kayan lantarki na gargajiya.
Rubuta wannan labarin galibi don tunani ne, kuma tare da gogewar bincike da gogewar marubucin a wannan fanni, akwai kurakurai da rashin fahimta, don Allah a fahimta.
Lokacin Saƙo: Janairu-03-2024