Optocouplers, waɗanda ke haɗa da'irori ta amfani da siginar gani a matsayin matsakaici, wani abu ne da ke aiki a yankunan da babu makawa a yi daidai, kamar sautin sauti, magani da masana'antu, saboda yawan amfani da su da amincinsu, kamar dorewa da rufin rufi.
Amma yaushe kuma a wane yanayi ne optocoupler ke aiki, kuma menene ƙa'idar da ke bayansa? Ko kuma lokacin da ka yi amfani da photocoupler a cikin aikin lantarki naka, ƙila ba ka san yadda ake zaɓa da amfani da shi ba. Domin optocoupler sau da yawa ana rikitar da shi da "phototransistor" da "photodiode". Saboda haka, za a gabatar da menene photocoupler a cikin wannan labarin.
Menene na'urar daukar hoto?
Optocoupler wani ɓangare ne na lantarki wanda asalinsa shine na gani
coupler, wanda ke nufin "haɗin kai da haske." Wani lokaci kuma ana kiransa optocoupler, mai raba haske, mai hana haske, da sauransu. Ya ƙunshi sinadarin haske da sinadarin mai karɓar haske, kuma yana haɗa da'irar gefe ta shigarwa da kuma da'irar gefe ta hanyar siginar gani. Babu haɗin lantarki tsakanin waɗannan da'irori, a wata ma'anar, a cikin yanayin rufewa. Saboda haka, haɗin da'irar tsakanin shigarwa da fitarwa ya bambanta kuma siginar kawai ake watsawa. Haɗa da'irori masu matakan shigarwa da fitarwa daban-daban, tare da babban rufin wutar lantarki tsakanin shigarwa da fitarwa.
Bugu da ƙari, ta hanyar watsa ko toshe wannan siginar haske, yana aiki a matsayin maɓalli. Za a yi bayani dalla-dalla kan ƙa'ida da tsarin daga baya, amma ɓangaren da ke fitar da haske na na'urar ɗaukar hoto shine LED (diode mai fitar da haske).
Daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1970, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiro sabbin kayayyaki kuma ci gaban fasaharsu ya kasance mai mahimmanci,optoelectronicsya zama bunƙasa. A wancan lokacin, nau'ikan halittu daban-dabanna'urorin ganian ƙirƙira su, kuma haɗin hoto na lantarki yana ɗaya daga cikinsu. Daga baya, optoelectronics ya shiga rayuwarmu cikin sauri.
① Ka'ida/tsarin aiki
Ka'idar optocoupler ita ce sinadarin da ke fitar da haske yana canza siginar lantarki ta shigarwa zuwa haske, kuma sinadarin da ke karɓar haske yana aika siginar lantarki ta baya zuwa da'irar gefen fitarwa. Sinadarin da ke fitar da haske da sinadarin da ke karɓar haske suna cikin ɓangaren hasken waje, kuma su biyun suna fuskantar juna don isar da haske.
Semiconductor da ake amfani da shi a cikin abubuwan da ke fitar da haske shine LED (diode mai fitar da haske). A gefe guda kuma, akwai nau'ikan semiconductor da yawa da ake amfani da su a cikin na'urorin karɓar haske, ya danganta da yanayin amfani, girman waje, farashi, da sauransu, amma gabaɗaya, wanda aka fi amfani da shi shine phototransistor.
Idan ba ya aiki, na'urorin daukar hoto suna ɗauke da ƙarancin wutar lantarki kamar yadda na'urorin semiconductors na yau da kullun ke yi. Idan hasken ya faru a wurin, na'urar daukar hoto tana samar da ƙarfin hasken lantarki a saman na'urar daukar hoto ta nau'in P da na'urar daukar hoto ta nau'in N, ramukan da ke cikin na'urar daukar hoto ta nau'in N suna kwarara zuwa yankin p, na'urar daukar hoto ta kyauta a yankin p tana kwarara zuwa yankin n, kuma na'urar za ta kwarara.
Na'urorin daukar hoto ba su da saurin amsawa kamar na'urorin daukar hoto, amma kuma suna da tasirin fadada fitarwa zuwa sau ɗari zuwa 1,000 na siginar shigarwa (saboda filin lantarki na ciki). Saboda haka, suna da saurin amsawa don ɗaukar ko da siginar da ba ta da ƙarfi, wanda hakan fa'ida ce.
A gaskiya ma, "abin toshe haske" da muke gani na'urar lantarki ce mai irin wannan tsari da tsari.
Duk da haka, galibi ana amfani da na'urorin katse haske a matsayin na'urori masu auna haske kuma suna yin aikinsu ta hanyar wuce abin da ke toshe haske tsakanin abin da ke fitar da haske da abin da ke karɓar haske. Misali, ana iya amfani da shi don gano tsabar kuɗi da takardun kuɗi a cikin injunan siyarwa da na'urorin ATM.
② Siffofi
Tunda optocoupler yana watsa sigina ta hanyar haske, rufin da ke tsakanin gefen shigarwa da gefen fitarwa babban fasali ne. Babban rufin ba ya shafar hayaniya cikin sauƙi, amma kuma yana hana kwararar kwararar iska ta bazata tsakanin da'irorin da ke maƙwabtaka, wanda hakan yana da matuƙar tasiri dangane da aminci. Kuma tsarin da kansa yana da sauƙi kuma mai ma'ana.
Saboda dogon tarihinta, jerin kayayyaki masu wadata na masana'antun daban-daban suma fa'ida ce ta musamman ta optocouplers. Saboda babu hulɗa ta zahiri, lalacewa tsakanin sassan ba ta da yawa, kuma tsawon rai yana da tsawo. A gefe guda kuma, akwai wasu halaye da ke nuna cewa ingancin hasken yana da sauƙin canzawa, saboda LED zai lalace a hankali tare da shuɗewar lokaci da canjin yanayin zafi.
Musamman idan ɓangaren ciki na filastik mai haske na dogon lokaci ya zama gajimare, ba zai iya zama haske mai kyau ba. Duk da haka, a kowane hali, tsawon rai yana da tsayi idan aka kwatanta da hulɗar hulɗar injiniya.
Na'urorin daukar hoto gabaɗaya suna da jinkiri fiye da na'urorin daukar hoto, don haka ba a amfani da su don sadarwa mai sauri. Duk da haka, wannan ba matsala ba ne, domin wasu sassan suna da na'urorin ƙara girma a gefen fitarwa don ƙara gudu. A gaskiya ma, ba duk na'urorin lantarki ne ke buƙatar ƙara gudu ba.
③ Amfani
Ma'auratan PhotoelectricAna amfani da su galibi don aikin sauyawa. Za a kunna wutar lantarki ta hanyar kunna maɓallin, amma daga mahangar halayen da ke sama, musamman rufin da tsawon rai, ya dace da yanayin da ke buƙatar babban aminci. Misali, hayaniya ita ce maƙiyin kayan lantarki na likitanci da kayan sauti/kayan sadarwa.
Ana kuma amfani da shi a tsarin tuƙin mota. Dalilin da ya sa injin yake sarrafa saurin inverter lokacin da ake tuƙa shi, amma yana haifar da hayaniya saboda yawan fitarwa. Wannan hayaniya ba wai kawai zai sa injin ɗin ya lalace ba, har ma zai ratsa ta cikin na'urorin da ke shafar "ƙasa". Musamman ma, kayan aiki masu dogon wayoyi suna da sauƙin ɗaukar wannan hayaniyar fitarwa mai yawa, don haka idan ta faru a masana'anta, za ta haifar da asara mai yawa kuma wani lokacin tana haifar da haɗari mai tsanani. Ta hanyar amfani da optocouplers masu ƙarfi don canzawa, za a iya rage tasirin da ke kan sauran da'irori da na'urori.
Na biyu, yadda ake zaɓa da amfani da optocouplers
Yadda ake amfani da madaidaitan ...
① A buɗe kuma a rufe koyaushe
Akwai nau'ikan na'urorin ɗaukar hoto guda biyu: nau'in da ake kashe maɓallin wuta (a kashe) idan ba a yi amfani da ƙarfin lantarki ba, nau'in da ake kunna maɓallin wuta (a kashe) idan aka yi amfani da ƙarfin lantarki, da kuma nau'in da ake kunna maɓallin wuta lokacin da babu ƙarfin lantarki. A shafa kuma a kashe idan aka yi amfani da ƙarfin lantarki.
Ana kiran na farko da a kullum a buɗe, na biyu kuma a kullum a rufe yake. Yadda ake zaɓa, da farko ya dogara da irin da'irar da kake buƙata.
② Duba ƙarfin fitarwa da ƙarfin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi
Masu ɗaukar hoto suna da ikon ƙara siginar, amma ba koyaushe suke wucewa ta cikin ƙarfin lantarki da wutar lantarki ba kamar yadda suke so. Tabbas, ana kimanta shi, amma ana buƙatar amfani da wutar lantarki daga ɓangaren shigarwa bisa ga ƙarfin fitarwa da ake so.
Idan muka duba takardar bayanai ta samfurin, za mu iya ganin ginshiƙi inda axis ɗin tsaye shine wutar fitarwa (ƙarfin mai tattarawa) kuma axis ɗin kwance shine wutar shigarwa (ƙarfin mai tattarawa-emitter). Wutar mai tattarawa ta bambanta dangane da ƙarfin hasken LED, don haka yi amfani da wutar lantarki bisa ga wutar fitarwa da ake so.
Duk da haka, za ka iya tunanin cewa wutar fitarwa da aka ƙididdige a nan ba ta da yawa. Wannan ita ce ƙimar halin yanzu da har yanzu ana iya fitarwa da aminci bayan la'akari da lalacewar LED akan lokaci, don haka ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙimar.
Akasin haka, akwai lokuta inda wutar fitarwa ba ta da girma. Saboda haka, lokacin zabar optocoupler, tabbatar da duba "ƙarfin fitarwa" a hankali kuma zaɓi samfurin da ya dace da shi.
③ Matsakaicin wutar lantarki
Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na conduction shine matsakaicin ƙimar wutar lantarki da optocoupler zai iya jurewa lokacin gudanar da aiki. Kuma, muna buƙatar tabbatar da mun san adadin fitarwa da aikin ke buƙata da kuma ƙarfin shigarwa kafin mu saya. Tabbatar cewa matsakaicin ƙimar da aka yi amfani da su ba iyaka ba ne, amma akwai ɗan bambanci.
④ Saita maƙallin ɗaukar hoto daidai
Bayan mun zaɓi madaidaicin optocoupler, bari mu yi amfani da shi a cikin ainihin aiki. Shigarwa da kanta abu ne mai sauƙi, kawai haɗa tashoshin da aka haɗa zuwa kowace da'irar gefe ta shigarwa da kuma da'irar gefe ta fitarwa. Duk da haka, ya kamata a yi taka tsantsan kada a karkatar da gefen shigarwa da kuma gefen fitarwa. Saboda haka, dole ne ku kuma duba alamomin da ke cikin teburin bayanai, don kada ku ga cewa ƙafar haɗin hoto ta kuskure bayan zana allon PCB.
Lokacin Saƙo: Yuli-29-2023