Laser yana nufin tsari da kayan aikin samar da hasken da aka haɗa da juna, mai kama da juna, ta hanyar ƙara haske mai ƙarfi da kuma amsawar da ake buƙata. Ainihin, samar da laser yana buƙatar abubuwa uku: "resonator," "matsakaicin riba," da "tushen famfo."
A. Ƙa'ida
Yanayin motsi na atom za a iya raba shi zuwa matakan makamashi daban-daban, kuma lokacin da atom ya canza daga matakin makamashi mai girma zuwa matakin makamashi mai ƙarancin ƙarfi, yana fitar da photons na makamashi mai dacewa (wanda ake kira radiation mai saurin motsawa). Hakazalika, lokacin da photon ya faru akan tsarin matakin makamashi kuma ya sha shi, zai sa atom ɗin ya canza daga matakin makamashi mai ƙarancin ƙarfi zuwa matakin makamashi mai girma (wanda ake kira shaƙar hauka); Sannan, wasu daga cikin atom ɗin da suka canza zuwa matakan makamashi mafi girma za su canza zuwa ƙananan matakan makamashi kuma su fitar da photons (wanda ake kira radiation mai motsawa). Waɗannan motsi ba sa faruwa a ware, amma sau da yawa a layi ɗaya. Lokacin da muka ƙirƙiri yanayi, kamar amfani da matsakaici mai dacewa, resonator, isasshen filin lantarki na waje, radiation mai motsawa yana ƙaruwa ta yadda fiye da shaƙar da aka ƙarfafa, to gabaɗaya, za a fitar da photons, wanda ke haifar da hasken laser.
B. Rarrabawa
Dangane da hanyar da ke samar da laser, ana iya raba laser zuwa ruwa, gas, da kuma solid laser. Yanzu laser semiconductor da aka fi sani shine wani nau'in solid-state laser.
C. Tsarin
Yawancin lasers sun ƙunshi sassa uku: tsarin motsawa, kayan laser da kuma resonator na gani. Tsarin motsawa sune na'urori waɗanda ke samar da makamashin haske, wutar lantarki ko sinadarai. A halin yanzu, manyan hanyoyin ƙarfafawa da ake amfani da su sune haske, wutar lantarki ko amsawar sinadarai. Abubuwan laser sune abubuwa waɗanda zasu iya samar da hasken laser, kamar su rubies, gilashin beryllium, neon gas, semiconductors, dyes organic, da sauransu. Matsayin sarrafa amsawar haske shine haɓaka hasken laser, daidaita da zaɓar tsawon tsayi da alkiblar laser.
D. Aikace-aikacen
Ana amfani da Laser sosai, galibi sadarwa ta fiber, layin laser, yanke laser, makaman laser, faifan laser da sauransu.
Tarihi E.
A shekarar 1958, masana kimiyya na Amurka Xiaoluo da Townes sun gano wani abu mai ban mamaki: lokacin da suka sanya hasken da kwan fitilar ciki ke fitarwa a kan wani lu'ulu'u na ƙasa mai wuya, ƙwayoyin lu'ulu'u za su fitar da haske mai haske, koyaushe tare da haske mai ƙarfi. Dangane da wannan lamari, sun gabatar da "ƙa'idar laser", wato, lokacin da sinadarin ya motsa da irin kuzarin da yake da shi kamar yadda yake a yanayin juyawar ƙwayoyin halittarsa, zai samar da wannan haske mai ƙarfi wanda ba ya bambanta - laser. Sun sami takardu masu mahimmanci don wannan.
Bayan wallafa sakamakon binciken Sciolo da Townes, masana kimiyya daga ƙasashe daban-daban sun gabatar da tsare-tsare daban-daban na gwaji, amma ba su yi nasara ba. A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1960, Mayman, wani masanin kimiyya a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Hughes da ke California, ya sanar da cewa ya sami laser mai tsawon microns 0.6943, wanda shine laser na farko da mutane suka taɓa samu, kuma Mayman ya zama masanin kimiyya na farko a duniya da ya gabatar da laser a fannin aiki.
A ranar 7 ga Yuli, 1960, Mayman ya sanar da haihuwar laser na farko a duniya, shirin Mayman shine amfani da bututun walƙiya mai ƙarfi don motsa ƙwayoyin chromium a cikin lu'ulu'u mai ruby, don haka yana samar da sirara mai haske ja mai ƙarfi sosai, idan aka harba shi a wani wuri, zai iya kaiwa zafin da ya fi saman rana.
Masanin kimiyyar Soviet H.Γ Basov ya ƙirƙiro laser ɗin semiconductor a shekarar 1960. Tsarin laser ɗin semiconductor yawanci yana ƙunshe da Layer P, Layer N da kuma Layer mai aiki waɗanda ke samar da nau'ikan haɗin kai biyu. Halayensa sune: ƙaramin girma, ingantaccen haɗin kai mai yawa, saurin amsawa mai sauri, tsawon tsayi da girman da ya dace da girman fiber na gani, ana iya daidaita shi kai tsaye, kyakkyawan haɗin kai.
Shida, wasu daga cikin manyan hanyoyin amfani da laser
F. Sadarwar Laser
Amfani da haske don isar da bayanai abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a yau. Misali, jiragen ruwa suna amfani da fitilu don sadarwa, kuma fitilun zirga-zirga suna amfani da ja, rawaya, da kore. Amma duk waɗannan hanyoyin watsa bayanai ta amfani da haske na yau da kullun za a iya iyakance su ne kawai zuwa gajerun nesa. Idan kana son isar da bayanai kai tsaye zuwa wurare masu nisa ta hanyar haske, ba za ka iya amfani da hasken yau da kullun ba, amma kawai amfani da laser.
To ta yaya ake isar da laser ɗin? Mun san cewa ana iya ɗaukar wutar lantarki tare da wayoyin jan ƙarfe, amma ba za a iya ɗaukar haske tare da wayoyin ƙarfe na yau da kullun ba. Don haka, masana kimiyya sun ƙirƙiri wani filament wanda zai iya watsa haske, wanda ake kira fiber optic, wanda ake kira fiber. An yi fiber optic ne da kayan gilashi na musamman, diamita ya fi siririn gashin ɗan adam, yawanci yana tsakanin microns 50 zuwa 150, kuma yana da laushi sosai.
A zahiri, tsakiyar zare ɗin babban ma'aunin haske ne na gilashin gani mai haske, kuma murfin waje an yi shi ne da gilashin haske mai ƙarancin haske ko filastik. Irin wannan tsari, a gefe guda, zai iya sa hasken ya yi ja tare da tsakiyar ciki, kamar yadda ruwa ke gudana gaba a cikin bututun ruwa, wutar lantarki da aka watsa gaba a cikin waya, koda kuwa dubban juyawa da juyawa ba su da wani tasiri. A gefe guda kuma, murfin haske mai ƙarancin haske zai iya hana haske fitowa, kamar yadda bututun ruwa ba ya zubewa kuma layin rufin waya ba ya gudanar da wutar lantarki.
Bayyanar zare na gani yana magance hanyar watsa haske, amma ba yana nufin cewa da shi, kowane haske za a iya watsa shi zuwa nesa ba. Haske mai yawa, launi mai tsabta, kyakkyawan laser na jagora, shine mafi kyawun tushen haske don watsa bayanai, shigarwa ne daga ƙarshen zare, kusan babu asara da fitarwa daga ɗayan ƙarshen. Saboda haka, sadarwa ta gani ainihin sadarwa ce ta laser, wacce ke da fa'idodin babban iko, inganci mai yawa, tushen kayan aiki mai faɗi, sirri mai ƙarfi, dorewa, da sauransu, kuma masana kimiyya suna yaba ta a matsayin juyin juya hali a fagen sadarwa, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin nasarorin da suka fi fice a juyin juya halin fasaha.
Lokacin Saƙo: Yuni-29-2023