Laser yana nufin tsari da kayan aiki na samar da collimated, monochromatic, madaidaicin hasken haske ta hanyar haɓakar haɓakar hasken rana da ra'ayoyin da suka dace. Ainihin, ƙarni na laser yana buƙatar abubuwa uku: “resonator,” “matsakaicin riba,” da “tushen yin famfo.”
A. Ka'ida
Yanayin motsi na zarra ana iya raba shi zuwa matakan makamashi daban-daban, kuma lokacin da zarra ya canza daga matakin makamashi mai ƙarfi zuwa ƙarancin makamashi, yana fitar da photons na makamashin da ya dace (wanda ake kira raɗaɗin kai tsaye). Hakazalika, lokacin da photon ya faru akan tsarin matakin makamashi kuma ya shanye shi, zai sa atom ya canza daga ƙananan makamashi zuwa matakin makamashi mai girma (wanda ake kira excited absorption); Bayan haka, wasu daga cikin kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke canzawa zuwa matakan makamashi mafi girma za su canza zuwa ƙananan matakan makamashi kuma suna fitar da photon (wanda ake kira radiation radiation). Wadannan motsi ba sa faruwa a keɓe, amma sau da yawa a layi daya. Lokacin da muka ƙirƙiri wani yanayi, kamar yin amfani da matsakaicin da ya dace, resonator, isasshen filin lantarki na waje, ana ƙara haɓakar radiation ta yadda fiye da abin da aka motsa, to gabaɗaya, za a fitar da photon, wanda ke haifar da hasken laser.
B. Rarrabewa
Bisa ga matsakaicin da ke samar da Laser, ana iya raba Laser zuwa Laser ruwa, Laser gas da kuma m Laser. Yanzu Laser da aka fi sani da semiconductor shine nau'in Laser mai ƙarfi.
C. Abun ciki
Yawancin lasers sun ƙunshi sassa uku: tsarin motsa jiki, kayan aikin laser da resonator na gani. Tsarin motsa jiki na'urori ne masu samar da haske, lantarki ko makamashin sinadarai. A halin yanzu, manyan hanyoyin ƙarfafawa da ake amfani da su sune haske, wutar lantarki ko halayen sinadaran. Abubuwan Laser abubuwa ne waɗanda zasu iya samar da hasken Laser, irin su rubies, gilashin beryllium, iskar gas neon, semiconductor, rini na halitta, da sauransu. na Laser.
D. Aikace-aikace
Ana amfani da Laser ko'ina, galibi fiber sadarwa, Laser jeri, Laser yankan, Laser makamai, Laser Disc da sauransu.
E. Tarihi
A shekara ta 1958, masana kimiyya na Amurka Xiaoluo da Townes sun gano wani abu na sihiri: lokacin da suka sanya hasken da kwan fitilar na ciki ke fitarwa a kan wani lu'ulu'u na duniya da ba kasafai ba, kwayoyin crystal za su yi haske, koyaushe tare da haske mai ƙarfi. Bisa ga wannan al'amari, sun ba da shawarar "ka'idar laser", wato, lokacin da abu ya yi farin ciki da makamashi guda ɗaya kamar yadda yanayin yanayin yanayi na kwayoyinsa, zai samar da wannan haske mai karfi wanda ba ya bambanta - Laser. Sun samo takardu masu mahimmanci don wannan.
Bayan buga sakamakon binciken Sciolo da Townes, masana kimiyya daga ƙasashe daban-daban sun ba da shawarar dabarun gwaji daban-daban, amma ba su yi nasara ba. A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1960, Mayman, masanin kimiyya a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Hughes da ke California, ya sanar da cewa ya sami Laser mai tsawon mita 0.6943, wanda shine Laser na farko da mutane suka samu, kuma ta haka ne Mayman ya zama masanin kimiyya na farko a duniya. don gabatar da lasers a cikin filin aiki.
A ranar 7 ga Yuli, 1960, Mayman ya sanar da haihuwar Laser na farko a duniya, makircin Mayman shine yin amfani da bututun filashi mai ƙarfi don tada atom ɗin chromium a cikin kristal na ruby, ta haka ne ke samar da ginshiƙin haske na bakin ciki sosai, lokacin da aka harba shi. a wani lokaci, yana iya kaiwa ga yanayin zafi sama da saman rana.
Masanin kimiyyar Soviet H.Γ Basov ya ƙirƙira laser semiconductor a cikin 1960. Tsarin laser semiconductor yawanci ya ƙunshi P Layer, N Layer da Layer mai aiki wanda ke samar da heterojunction biyu. Siffofinsa sune: ƙananan girman, ingantaccen haɗin haɗin gwiwa, saurin amsawa da sauri, tsayin tsayi da girman girman girman fiber na gani, ana iya daidaita shi kai tsaye, daidaituwa mai kyau.
Shida, wasu daga cikin manyan kwatancen aikace-aikacen Laser
F. Sadarwar Laser
Amfani da haske don watsa bayanai ya zama ruwan dare a yau. Misali, jiragen ruwa suna amfani da fitulu don sadarwa, kuma fitilun zirga-zirga suna amfani da ja, rawaya, da kore. Amma duk waɗannan hanyoyin isar da bayanai ta amfani da haske na yau da kullun ba za a iya iyakance su zuwa gajerun nesa ba. Idan kana son watsa bayanai kai tsaye zuwa wurare masu nisa ta hanyar haske, ba za ka iya amfani da haske na yau da kullun ba, amma amfani da laser kawai.
To ta yaya kuke isar da laser? Mun san cewa ana iya ɗaukar wutar lantarki tare da wayoyi na tagulla, amma ba a iya ɗaukar haske tare da wayoyin ƙarfe na yau da kullun. Don haka, masana kimiyya sun ƙera filament wanda zai iya watsa haske, wanda ake kira fiber optic, wanda ake kira fiber. Fiber na gani an yi shi da kayan gilashi na musamman, diamita ya fi gashin ɗan adam sirara, yawanci 50 zuwa 150 microns, kuma mai laushi sosai.
A haƙiƙa, babban abin da ke cikin fiber ɗin shine babban maƙasudin refractive na gilashin gani mai haske, kuma rufin waje an yi shi da ƙaramin gilashin mai ɗaukar hoto ko filastik. Irin wannan tsari, a gefe guda, yana iya sanya hasken da ke juyewa tare da tsakiya, kamar yadda ruwa ke gudana a gaba a cikin bututun ruwa, wutar lantarki da ake watsawa gaba a cikin waya, ko da dubban murɗawa da juyawa ba su da wani tasiri. A daya bangaren kuma, ma’aunin ma’aunin ma’auni na kasa-da-kasa na iya hana haske fitowa, kamar yadda bututun ruwa ba ya zubowa, sannan kuma rufin da ke rufe wayar ba ya tafiyar da wutar lantarki.
Bayyanar fiber na gani yana warware hanyar isar da haske, amma ba yana nufin cewa tare da shi ba, ana iya watsa kowane haske zuwa nesa mai nisa. Haske mai haske kawai, launi mai tsabta, laser mai jagoranci mai kyau, shine mafi kyawun hasken haske don watsa bayanai, shi ne shigarwa daga wannan ƙarshen fiber, kusan babu asara da fitarwa daga ɗayan ƙarshen. Don haka sadarwa ta gani da gaske ita ce hanyar sadarwa ta Laser, wacce ke da fa'ida daga manyan iya aiki, inganci, faffadan tushen kayan aiki, sirri mai karfi, dorewa da sauransu, kuma masana kimiyya suna yabawa a matsayin juyin juya hali a fagen sadarwa, kuma daya ne. daga cikin manyan nasarorin da aka samu a juyin juya halin fasaha.
Lokacin aikawa: Juni-29-2023